NÙkhlx<+ jkT; esa Lkk>k lEifÙk lalk/ku dk izHkko _.kkRed ckárkvkas ds ifjis{k esa v/;;u
iadt dqekj1] misUnz dqekj lkgw2
1vfrfFk O;k[kkrk] vFkZ’kkL=] 'kkldh; ia- tokgj yky usg: LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] csesrjk ftyk&csesrjk ¼N-x-½
2vfrfFk O;k[kkrk] vFkZ’kkL=] cnzh izlkn yks/kh LukrdksÙkj 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] vkjax]
ftyk&jk;iqj ¼N-x-½
*Corresponding Author E-mail: pankajsahu125@gmail.com, upendrakumarsahu987@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
çLrqr 'kksèk i= NÙkhlx<+ jkT; esa lk>k lEifÙk lalkèku ¼Common property resources - CPR½ dk çHkko _.kkRed ckárkvkas ds ifjis{k esa vè;;u ij vkèkkfjr gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa ,oa fodflr ns'kksa esa futhdj.k lalkèku çcaèku dks vuns[kh ugha fd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd futhdj.k ,d ,slk vL= gS ftlls ns'k dh fodkl ij rsth dks tUe nsrh gS vFkkZr~ vkfFkZd fodkl dks lq–<+ cukrk gSA ns'k dh turk igys Hkh futhdj.k ,oa lkoZtfud lalkèkuksa ds çHkkoksa dks vuqHko fd;k gSA bUgksaus ;g Hkh dgk fd futhdj.k dksbZ o`{kkjksi.k ugha gS ftls dgha Hkh yxk;k tk; ;g ,d lek;ksftr fuf'pr LFkku ij gh yxk;k tk ldrk gSA fu"d"kZ ds :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, futhdj.k lgh :i ls dk;Z ugha dj jgk gS fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr ds fy, futhdj.k fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, mfpr ugha gS tg‚a mfpr lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] ,sfrgkfld laLFkkxr i`"B Hkwfe gS vr% fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, lkoZtfud {ks= gh mfpr gSA
KEYWORDS: lk>k lEifÙk] _.kkRed ckárk,a] ty lalkèku] ou lalkèku] futhdj.k] fodkl'khy ns'k] lkoZtfud {ks=] laLFkkxr i`"BHkwfe] o`{kkjksi.kA
izLrkouk &
udkjkRed mRltZu ls nks çdkj ds rF;ksa esa çHkko iM+rk gS] ftlesa çFke] mRiknu rFkk f}rh; mi;ksfxrk çdk;Z gSA ftlesa çFke ds varxZr mRiknu ls dkcZu dk mRltZu gksrk gSA blds fy, ek¡x rFkk iwfrZ vkèkkfjr mRiknu ftEesnkj gSA nwljk] iwath rFkk Je esa xfr'khyrk esa o`f) vkfn Hkh fjlko ds fy, tokcnkj gSA mUgksus ;s Hkh crk;k fd la;qä jkT;ksa }kjk cgq{ks=h; e‚Myksa ds ç;ksx ls vius fjlko dks fu;af=r djrs gSaA iwath rFkk Je dh varZ{ks=h; xfr'khyrk esa fjlko esa de çHkko NksM+rh gSA ;g vè;;u esa ;g ik;k fd tgka udkjkRed fjlko lkeku larqyu esa ckèkk gS ogha nwljh vksj èkukRed mRltZu] bZaèku dh iwfrZ tSls dk;ksZa dh vksj viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA
'kksèk çjpuk ,oa çfofèk;k¡
çLrqr 'kksèk i= çkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d leadksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA çkFkfed leadksa dk ,d=hdj.k ç'ukoyh@çR;{k lk{kkRdj@vuqlwph ds ekè;e ls rFkk f}rh;d leadksa dk laxzg.k dsUæh; lkaf[;dh; laxBu] jk"Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k laxBu rFkk vU; 'kkldh; laLFkkvksa o v)Z'kkldh; laLFkkvksa }kjk çdkf'kr çfrosnuksa dh lgk;rk ls laxzg.k fd;k x;k gSA
U;kn'kZ dk vkdj ¼ifjokjksa dk p;u½
U;kn'kZ nksuksa rglhy ds p;fur U;kn'kZ xk¡o ls mís;iw.kZ fun'kZu ç.kkyh ls çR;sd U;kn'kZ xk¡o ls 10 çfr'kr U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gS D;ksafd ;g ç.kkyh cgqr mi;ksxh lkfcr gksrh gS blls Je] èku ,oa le; dh cpr gksrh gSA
vè;;u esa ifjokjksa dk p;u nSo fun'kZu fofèk }kjk fd;k x;k gSA
rkfydk Øekad & 1-1 U;kn'kZ xzke rFkk ifjokj ¼la[;k½
|
rglhy |
xk¡oksa dh dqy la[;k |
dqy xkaoksa esa ls 10 funf'kZr xkao |
ifjokjksa dh la[;k |
||
|
dqy |
izR;sd xkao ls 10 izfr'kr ifjokjksa dk p;u |
||||
|
ikVu |
146 |
1 |
vkSa/kh |
461 |
46 |
|
2 |
vlksxk |
653 |
65 |
||
|
3 |
Hkjj |
404 |
40 |
||
|
4 |
xksMisUMªh |
594 |
59 |
||
|
5 |
pqyxgu |
184 |
18 |
||
|
6 |
eksrhiqj |
286 |
29 |
||
|
7 |
exj?kVk |
420 |
42 |
||
|
8 |
rjh?kkV |
492 |
49 |
||
|
9 |
rsyhxqaMjk |
450 |
45 |
||
|
10 |
fuikuh |
348 |
35 |
||
|
;ksx |
4281 |
428 |
|||
|
/ke/kk |
162 |
1 |
jkSank |
273 |
27 |
|
2 |
vdksyh |
151 |
15 |
||
|
3 |
BsaxkHkkV |
247 |
25 |
||
|
4 |
uanuh[kaqnuh |
885 |
89 |
||
|
5 |
xksrk |
293 |
29 |
||
|
6 |
lksusljkj |
262 |
26 |
||
|
7 |
Ikjlnk |
164 |
16 |
||
|
8 |
esMs+ljk |
712 |
71 |
||
|
9 |
jD’kk |
235 |
24 |
||
|
10 |
jktiqj |
323 |
32 |
||
|
;ksx |
3536 |
354 |
|||
|
|
|
dqy ;ksx |
7817 |
782 |
|
p;fur dqy U;kn'kZ ifjokj & 782
vè;kf;r {ks= esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa i;kZoj.kh; ckárkvksa dk vkfFkZd –f"Vdks.k ls ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk gSA
vè;;u ds mís';
¼v½ jkT; esa ty lalkèku lEifÙk ds _.kkRed çHkkoksa dk vè;;u djukA
¼c½ ou lalkèku lEifÙk ds gkfudkjd igyqvksa dk vè;;u djukaA
ifjdYiuk,a
¼v½ ty lalkèku lEifÙk dk thouLrj esa _.kkRed çHkko iM+kA
¼c½ ou lalkèku lEifÙk ds gkfudkjd igyqvksa ds fuFkZd çHkko jgkA
lk>k laifÙk lalkèkuksa ds _.kkRed igyqvksa dh pqukSfr;ka
'kksèk vè;;u esa U;kn'kZ rglhy ikVu rFkk èkeèkk esa lk>k lEifÙk lalkèku ds :i esa o`+{k ls çkIr gksus okys ykHk ¼èkukRed ckárk½ ,oa gkfu ¼_.kkRed ckárk½ dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA U;kn'kZ rglhy ds U;kn'kZ xk¡o ds U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa ls o`{k ls feyus okys ykHk ,oa gkfu ls lEcfUèkr tkudkjh çkFkfed lead ds :i esa fy;k x;k gSA ftldk fo'ys"k.k rkfydk Øekad 4-6 esa fd;k x;k gSA U;kn'kZ rglhy ikVu rFkk èkeèkk esa lk>k lEifÙk lalkèku ds :i esa lM+d ls çkIr gksus okys ykHk ¼èkukRed ckárk½ dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA U;kn'kZ rglhy ds U;kn'kZ xk¡o ds U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa ls lM+d ls feyus okys ykHk ls lEcfUèkr tkudkjh çkFkfed lead ds :i esa fy;k x;k gSA
ty lap;u lajpuk;sa ,oa _.kkRed ckárk;sa
çLrqr vè;;u esa nqxZ ftys ds U;kn'kZ rglhy ikVu rFkk èkeèkk esa fLFkr lajpukvksa ls lacfUèkr ckárkvksa esa ty lap;u _ukRed ckárkvksa dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA U;kn'kZ rglhy ds U;kn'kZ xk¡o esa fLFkr ckárkvksa ls gkfu ds ckjs esa tkukdjh U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa ls çkFkfed leadksa ds :i esa çkIr fd;k x;k gSA ftldk fo'ys"k.k rkfydk Øekad 1-2 esa fd;k x;k gSA
rkfydk Øekad & 1-2 ty lap;u lajpuk;sa ,oa _.kkRed ckárk;sa ¼xzkeokj½
|
Ø- |
lk>k lEifÙk lalk/ku ¼_.kkRed ckárk;sa½ |
ikVu rglhy ¼U;kn’kZ xkaoa½ |
||||
|
vkSa/kh |
vlksxk |
Hkjj |
xksMisUMªh |
pqyxgu |
||
|
N = 46 |
N = 65 |
N = 40 |
N = 59 |
N = 18 |
||
|
1 |
Ok"kkZ ty ls moZjd vkSj dhVuk’kdksa dk /kqyuk |
8 ¼6-90½ |
17 ¼14-66½ |
7 ¼6-03½ |
14 ¼12-07½ |
4 ¼3-45½ |
|
2 |
diM+s /kksus ls gksus okys peZ jksx |
2 ¼20½ |
1 ¼10½ |
0 ¼0½ |
2 ¼20½ |
0 ¼0½ |
|
3 |
iznwf’kr ty ls gksus okys vU; jksx |
3 ¼9-09½ |
5 ¼15-15½ |
4 ¼12-12½ |
3 ¼9-09½ |
2 ¼6-06½ |
|
4 |
Ik’kqvksa dks /kksus ls gksus okys jksx |
0 ¼0½ |
2 ¼28-57½ |
1 ¼14-29½ |
2 ¼28-57½ |
0 ¼0½ |
|
5 |
xehZ eas ikuh dh deh ls gksus okyh chekfj;ka |
2 ¼13-33½ |
3 ¼20½ |
2 ¼13-33½ |
2 ¼13-33½ |
0 ¼0½ |
|
6 |
ty iznw"k.k vkSj nqxZa/k |
1 ¼5-26½ |
3 ¼15-79½ |
0 ¼0½ |
4 ¼21-05½ |
0 ¼0½ |
|
|
lk>k lEifÙk lalk/ku ¼_.kkRed ckárk;sa½ |
/ke/kk rglhy ¼U;kn’kZ xkaoa½ |
||||
|
jkSank |
vdksyh |
BsaxkHkkV |
uafnuh[kqanuh |
xksrk |
||
|
N = 27 |
N = 15 |
N = 25 |
N = 89 |
N = 29 |
||
|
1 |
o"kkZ ty ls moZjd vkSj dhVuk’kdksa dks /kksuk |
12 ¼10-17½ |
7 ¼5-93½ |
11 ¼9-32½ |
21 ¼17-80½ |
9 ¼7-63½ |
|
2 |
diM+s /kksus ls gksus okys peZ jksx |
3 ¼11-54½ |
0 ¼0½ |
2 ¼7-69½ |
8 ¼30-77½ |
3 ¼11-54½ |
|
3 |
Izknwf"kr ty ls gksus okys vU; jksx |
2 ¼4-65½ |
1 ¼2-32½ |
3 ¼6-98½ |
12 ¼27-91½ |
7 ¼16-28½ |
|
4 |
Ik’kqvksa dks /kksus ls gksus okys jksx |
2 ¼9-09½ |
0 ¼0½ |
1 ¼4-54½ |
5 ¼22-73½ |
2 ¼9-09½ |
|
5 |
xehZ eas ikuh dh deh ls gksus okyh chekfj;ka |
3 ¼12-5½ |
1 ¼4-17½ |
2 ¼8-33½ |
6 ¼25½ |
3 ¼12-5½ |
|
6 |
ty iznw"k.k vkSj nqxZa/k |
4 ¼12-12½ |
0 ¼0½ |
3 ¼9-09½ |
10 ¼30-30½ |
3 ¼9-09½ |
rkfydk Øekad & 1-2 Cont….
|
Ø- |
lk>k lEifÙk lalk/ku ¼_.kkRed ckárk;sa½ |
ikVu rglhy ¼U;kn’kZ xkaoa½ |
|
||||
|
eksrhiqj |
exj?kVk |
rjh?kkV |
rsyhxqaMjk |
fuikuh |
;ksx |
||
|
N = 29 |
N = 42 |
N = 49 |
N = 45 |
N = 35 |
N = 428 |
||
|
1 |
Ok"kkZ ty ls moZjd vkSj dhVuk’kdksa dk /kqyuk |
9 ¼7-76½ |
15 ¼12-93½ |
18 ¼15-52½ |
16 ¼13-79½ |
8 ¼6-90½ |
116 ¼100½ |
|
2 |
diM+s /kksus ls gksus okys peZ jksx |
0 ¼0½ |
3 ¼30½ |
0 ¼0½ |
2 ¼20½ |
0 ¼0½ |
10 ¼100½ |
|
3 |
iznwf’kr ty ls gksus okys vU; jksx |
2 ¼6-06½ |
4 ¼12-12½ |
6 ¼18-18½ |
3 ¼9-09½ |
1 ¼3-03½ |
33 ¼100½ |
|
4 |
Ik’kqvksa dks /kksus ls gksus okys jksx |
0 ¼0½ |
0 ¼0½ |
0 ¼0½ |
2 ¼28-57½ |
0 ¼0½ |
7 ¼100½ |
|
5 |
xehZ eas ikuh dh deh ls gksus okyh chekfj;ka |
1 ¼6-67½ |
2 ¼13-33½ |
3 ¼20½ |
0 ¼0½ |
0 ¼0½ |
15 ¼100½ |
|
6 |
ty iznw"k.k vkSj nqxZa/k |
0 ¼0½ |
5 ¼26-31½ |
3 ¼15-79½ |
3 ¼15-79½ |
0 ¼0½ |
19 ¼100½ |
|
|
lk>k lEifÙk lalk/ku ¼_.kkRed ckárk;sa½ |
/ke/kk rglhy ¼U;kn’kZ xkaoa½ |
|
||||
|
lksusljkj |
Ikjlnk |
esMs+ljk |
jD’kk |
jktiqj |
;ksx |
||
|
N = 26 |
N = 16 |
N = 71 |
N = 24 |
N = 32 |
N = 354 |
||
|
1 |
o’kkZ ty ls moZjd vkSj dhVuk’kdksa dks /kksuk |
6 ¼5-08½ |
4 ¼3-39½ |
25 ¼21-19½ |
8 ¼6-78½ |
15 ¼12-71½ |
118 ¼100½ |
|
2 |
diM+s /kksus ls gksus okys peZ jksx |
0 ¼0½ |
0 ¼0½ |
5 ¼19-23½ |
3 ¼11-54½ |
2 ¼7-69½ |
26 ¼100½ |
|
3 |
iznwf’kr ty ls gksus okys vU; jksx |
3 ¼6-98½ |
2 ¼4-65½ |
9 ¼20-93½ |
2 ¼4-65½ |
2 ¼4-65½ |
43 ¼100½ |
|
4 |
Ik’kqvksa dks /kksus ls gksus okys jksx |
3 ¼13-64½ |
0 ¼0½ |
5 ¼22-73½ |
2 ¼9-09½ |
2 ¼9-09½ |
22 ¼100½ |
|
5 |
xehZ eas ikuh dh deh ls gksus okyh chekfj;ka |
2 ¼8-33½ |
0 ¼0½ |
5 ¼20-83½ |
0 ¼0½ |
2 ¼8-33½ |
24 ¼100½ |
|
6 |
ty iznw"k.k vkSj nqxZa/k |
1 ¼3-03½ |
0 ¼0½ |
7 ¼21-21½ |
2 ¼6-06½ |
3 ¼9-09½ |
33 ¼100½ |
L=ksr&O;fDrxr losZ{k.k A
uksV% dks"Bd esa iznf’kZr izfr’kr dks n’kkZrk gSA
rkfydk Øekad 1-2 ds fo'ys"k.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd U;kn'kZ rglhy ikVu ds U;kn'kZ xk¡oksa esa ckárkvksa ls U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dks dqN gkfu dk vuqHko gksrk gS] ftldk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA —f"k Qly vfèkd mRikndrk gsrq ç;ksx esa yk;s x;s moZjd ,oa dhVuk'kdksa ds o"kkZ ty esa èkqy tkus ds dkj.k ty çnw"k.k gksrk gS] lcls vfèkd çHkkfor U;kn'kZ xzke rjh?kkV 15-52 çfr'kr gS rFkk lcls de 3-45 çfr'kr xzke pqyxgu gSA diM+s lkQ djrs le; èkqykbZ ikmMj ds lEidZ esa vkus ls U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dks gksus okys peZ jksx ls lcls vfèkd çHkkfor 30 çfr'kr xzke exj?kVk ds U;kn'kZ ifjokj gS rFkk lcls de 10 çfr'kr xzke vlksxk o Hkjj] pqyxgu] eksrhiqj] rjh?kkV o fuikuh blls vçHkkfor xzke gSA çnwf"kr ty ls gksus okys vU; jksx ls çHkkfor xzke rjh?kkV 18-18 çfr'kr lcls vfèkd çHkkfor gS rFkk xzke fuikuh 3-03 çfr'kr lcls de çHkkfor gqvk gSA i'kqvksa dks èkksus o lkQ djus ls jksxksa ls çHkkfor U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dk lcls vfèkd çfr'kr 28-57 xzke vlksxk] xksMisUMªh o xzke rsyhxq.Mjk rFkk lcls de çfr'kr 14-29 Hkjj ,oa blls vçHkkfor xzke vkSaèkh] pqyxgu] eksrhiqj] exj?kVk] rjh?kkV o fuikuh gSA xzh"edky esa ikuh dh deh ls gksus okys jksx ls lcls vfèkd 20 çfr'kr çHkkfor xzke vlksxk o rjh?kkV ,oa lcls de 6-67 çfr'kr çHkkfor xzke eksrhiqj gS rFkk blls vçHkkfor xzke pqyxgu] rsyhxq.Mjk o fuikuh gSA ty çnq"k.k ,oa nqxZaèk ls çHkkfor U;kn'kZ ifjokj lcls vfèkd xzke exj?kVk 26-31 çfr'kr gS rFkk lcls de 5-26 çfr'kr çHkkfor xzke vkSaèkh gS o vçHkkfor xzke Hkjj] pqyxgu] eksrhiqj] o fuikuh gSA
U;kn'kZ rglhy èkeèkk ds U;kn'kZ xk¡oksa esa ckárkvksa ls U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dks dqN gkfu dk vuqHko gksrk gS] ftldk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA —f"k Qly vfèkd mRikndrk gsrq ç;ksx esa yk;s x;s moZjd ,oa dhVuk'kdksa ds o"kkZ ty esa èkqy tkus ds dkj.k ty çnw"k.k gksrk gS] lcls vfèkd çHkkfor U;kn'kZ xzke esMsljk 21-19 çfr'kr gS rFkk lcls de 3-39 çfr'kr xzke ijlnk gSA diM+s lkQ djrs le; èkqykbZ ikmMj ds lEidZ esa vkus ls U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dks gksus okys peZ jksx ls lcls vfèkd çHkkfor 30-77 çfr'kr xzke uafnuh[kaqnuh ds U;kn'kZ ifjokj gS rFkk lcls de 7-69 çfr'kr xzke BsaxkHkkV ,oa jktiqj o vdksyh] lksusljkj rFkk ijlnk blls vçHkkfor xzke gSA çnwf"kr ty ls gksus okys vU; jksx ls çHkkfor xzke uafnuh[kaqnuh 27-91 çfr'kr lcls vfèkd çHkkfor gS rFkk xzke vdksyh 2-32 çfr'kr lcls de çHkkfor gqvk gSA i'kqvksa dks èkksus o lkQ djus ls jksxksa ls çHkkfor U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dk lcls vfèkd çfr'kr 22-73 xzke uafnuh[kaqnuh o xzke esMsljk rFkk lcls de çfr'kr 4-54 BsaxkHkkV ,oa blls vçHkkfor xzke vdksyh o xzke ijlnk gSA xzh"edky esa ikuh dh deh ls gksus okys jksx ls lcls vfèkd 25 çfr'kr çHkkfor xzke uafnuh[kaqnuh ,oa lcls de 4-17 çfr'kr çHkkfor xzke vdksyh gS rFkk blls vçHkkfor xzke ijlnk o jDlk gSA ty çnq"k.k ,oa nqxZaèk ls çHkkfor U;kn'kZ ifjokj lcls vfèkd xzke uafnuh[kaqnuh 30-30 çfr'kr gS rFkk lcls de 3-03 çfr'kr çHkkfor xzke lksusljkj o vçHkkfor xzke vdksyh o ijlnk gSA
fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lk>k lEifÙk lalkèku dk mijksäkuqlkj _.kkRed çHkko çkIr gksrk gSA
rkfydk Øekad & 1-3 ty lap;u lajpuk;sa ,oa _.kkRed ckárk;sa
|
Ø- |
lk>k lEifÙk lalk/ku ¼_.kkRed ckárk;sa½ |
ikVu rglhy |
/ke/kk rglhy |
dqy ;ksx |
||||||
|
gk¡ |
ugha |
;ksx |
gk¡ |
ugha |
;ksx |
gk¡ |
ugha |
;ksx |
||
|
1 |
Ok"kkZ ty ls moZjd vkSj dhVuk”kdksa dk /kqyuk |
116 ¼14-83½ |
312 ¼39-90½ |
428 ¼54-73½ |
118 ¼15-09½ |
236 ¼30-18½ |
354 ¼45-27½ |
234 ¼29-92½ |
548 ¼70-08½ |
782 ¼100½ |
|
2 |
diM+s /kksus ls gksus okys peZ jksx |
10 ¼1-28½ |
418 ¼53-45½ |
428 ¼54-73½ |
26 ¼3-32½ |
328 ¼41-94½ |
354 ¼45-27½ |
36 ¼4-60½ |
746 ¼95-40½ |
782 ¼100½ |
|
3 |
iznwf’kr ty ls gksus okys vU; jksx |
33 ¼4-22½ |
395 ¼50-51½ |
428 ¼54-73½ |
43 ¼5-50½ |
311 ¼39-77½ |
354 ¼45-27½ |
76 ¼9-72½ |
706 ¼90-28½ |
782 ¼100½ |
|
4 |
Ik’kqvksa dks /kksus ls gksus okys jksx |
7 ¼0-90½ |
421 ¼53-83½ |
428 ¼54-73½ |
22 ¼2-81½ |
332 ¼42-46½ |
354 ¼45-27½ |
29 ¼3-71½ |
753 ¼96-29½ |
782 ¼100½ |
|
5 |
xehZ eas ikuh dh deh ls gksus okyh chekfj;ka |
15 ¼1-92½ |
413 ¼52-81½ |
428 ¼54-73½ |
24 ¼3-07½ |
330 ¼42-20½ |
354 ¼45-27½ |
39 ¼4-99½ |
743 ¼95-01½ |
782 ¼100½ |
|
6 |
ty iznw’k.k vkSj nqxZa/k |
19 ¼2-43½ |
409 ¼52-30½ |
428 ¼54-73½ |
33 ¼4-22½ |
321 ¼41-05½ |
354 ¼45-27½ |
52 ¼6-65½ |
730 ¼93-35½ |
782 ¼100½ |
L=ksr&O;fDrxr losZ{k.k A
uksV% dks"Bd esa iznf’kZr izfr’kr dks n’kkZrk gSA
rkfydk Øekad 1-3 ds fo'ys"k.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd U;kn'kZ rglhyksa ds U;kn'kZ xk¡oksa esa ckárkvksa ls U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dks dqN gkfu dk vuqHko gksrk gS] ftldk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA —f"k Qly vfèkd mRikndrk gsrq ç;ksx esa yk;s x;s moZjd ,oa dhVuk'kdksa ds o"kkZ ty esa èkqy tkus ds dkj.k ty çnw"k.k gksrk gS] blls çHkkfor U;kn'kZ ifjokj 29-92 çfr'kr gSA diM+s lkQ djrs le; èkqykbZ ikmMj ds lEidZ esa vkus ls U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dks gksus okys peZ jksx ls çHkkforksa dk çfr'kr 4-60 gSA çnwf"kr ty ls gksus okys vU; jksx ls çHkkfor U;kn'kZ 9-72 çfr'kr gSA i'kqvksa dks èkksus o lkQ djus ls jksxksa ls çHkkfor U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dk çfr'kr 3-71 gSA xzh"edky esa ikuh dh deh ls gksus okys jksx dk çfr'kr 4-99 gS rFkk ty çnq"k.k ,oa nqxZaèk ls çHkkfor U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dk çfr'kr 6-65 gSA
rkfydk Øekad & 1-4 lk>k lEifÙk lalk/ku & o`{k ¼xzkeokj½
|
Ø- |
/kukRed ckárk;sa |
ikVu rglhy ¼U;kn’kZ xkaoa½ |
||||
|
vkSa/kh |
vlksxk |
Hkjj |
xksMisUMªh |
pqyxgu |
||
|
N = 46 |
N = 65 |
N = 40 |
N = 59 |
N = 18 |
||
|
1 |
isM+ ds iÙks eosf’k;ksa ds pkjs ds :Ik esa |
16 ¼11-94½ |
23 ¼17-16½ |
11 ¼8-21½ |
21 ¼15-67½ |
2 ¼1-49½ |
|
2 |
tykÅ ydM+h ds fy, isM+ksa dk mi;ksx |
18 ¼9-73½ |
26 ¼14-05½ |
18 ¼9-73½ |
21 ¼11-35½ |
11 ¼5-95½ |
|
3 |
[ksyus vkSj vkjke djus ds fy, o`{k dh Nk;k |
17 ¼7-66½ |
31 ¼13-96½ |
25 ¼11-26½ |
29 ¼13-06½ |
9 ¼4-05½ |
|
|
_ukRed ckárk;sa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Nk;k ds dkj.k mit esa deh |
5 ¼11-63½ |
8 ¼18-60½ |
3 ¼6-98½ |
9 ¼20-93½ |
2 ¼4-65½ |
|
2 |
dkaVksa dh lQkbZ dk [kpZ |
2 ¼7-69½ |
4 ¼15-38½ |
2 ¼7-69½ |
3 ¼11-54½ |
1 ¼3-85½ |
|
|
/kukRed ckárk;sa |
/ke/kk rglhy ¼U;kn’kZ xkaoa½ |
||||
|
jkSank |
vdksyh |
BsaxkHkkV |
uafnuh[kqanuh |
xksrk |
||
|
N = 27 |
N = 15 |
N = 25 |
N = 89 |
N = 29 |
||
|
1 |
isM+ ds iÙks eosf’k;ksa ds pkjs ds :Ik esa |
14 ¼7-37½ |
8 ¼4-21½ |
17 ¼8-95½ |
48 ¼25-26½ |
16 ¼8-42½ |
|
2 |
tykÅ ydM+h ds fy, isM+ksa dk mi;ksx |
17 ¼7-42½ |
12 ¼5-24½ |
17 ¼7-42½ |
43 ¼18-78½ |
19 ¼8-30½ |
|
3 |
[ksyus vkSj vkjke djus ds fy, o`{k dh Nk;k |
18 ¼8-65½ |
10 ¼4-81½ |
16 ¼7-69½ |
64 ¼30-77½ |
16 ¼7-69½ |
|
|
_ukRed ckárk;sa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Nk;k ds dkj.k mit esa deh
|
5 ¼10½ |
2 ¼4½ |
6 ¼12½ |
10 ¼20½ |
4 ¼8½ |
|
2 |
dkaVksa dh lQkbZ dk [kpZ |
3 ¼9-09½ |
0 ¼0½ |
2 ¼6-06½ |
6 ¼18-18½ |
2 ¼6-06½ |
rkfydk Øekad & 1-4 Cont…
|
Ø- |
/kukRed ckárk;sa |
|
|
||||
|
eksrhiqj |
exj?kVk |
rjh?kkV |
rsyhxqaMjk |
fuikuh |
;ksx |
||
|
N = 29 |
N = 42 |
N = 49 |
N = 45 |
N = 35 |
N = 428 |
||
|
1 |
isM+ ds iÙks eosf’k;ksa ds pkjs ds :Ik esa |
5 ¼3-73½ |
12 ¼8-96½ |
20 ¼14-93½ |
20 ¼14-93½ |
4 ¼2-99½ |
134 ¼100½ |
|
2 |
tykÅ ydM+h ds fy, isM+ksa dk mi;ksx |
10 ¼5-41½ |
18 ¼9-73½ |
25 ¼13-51½ |
30 ¼16-22½ |
8 ¼4-32½ |
185 ¼100½ |
|
3 |
[ksyus vkSj vkjke djus ds fy, o`{k dh Nk;k |
13 ¼5-86½ |
18 ¼8-11½ |
30 ¼13-51½ |
26 ¼11-71½ |
24 ¼10-81½ |
222 ¼100½ |
|
|
_ukRed ckárk;sa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Nk;k ds dkj.k mit esa deh |
2 ¼4-65½ |
5 ¼11-63½ |
3 ¼6-98½ |
4 ¼9-30½ |
2 ¼4-65½ |
43 ¼100½ |
|
2 |
dkaVksa dh lQkbZ dk [kpZ |
3 ¼11-54½ |
3 ¼11-54½ |
1 ¼3-85½ |
4 ¼15-38½ |
3 ¼11-54½ |
26 ¼100½ |
|
|
/kukRed ckárk;sa |
|
|
||||
|
lksusljkj |
Ikjlnk |
esMs+ljk |
jD’kk |
jktiqj |
;ksx |
||
|
N = 26 |
N = 16 |
N = 71 |
N = 24 |
N = 32 |
N = 354 |
||
|
1 |
isM+ ds iÙks eosf’k;ksa ds pkjs ds :Ik esa |
11 ¼5-79½ |
8 ¼4-21½ |
41 ¼21-58½ |
12 ¼6-32½ |
15 ¼7-89½ |
190 ¼100½ |
|
2 |
tykÅ ydM+h ds fy, isM+ksa dk mi;ksx |
18 ¼7-86½ |
7 ¼3-06½ |
58 ¼25-33½ |
17 ¼7-42½ |
21 ¼9-17½ |
229 ¼100½ |
|
3 |
[ksyus vkSj vkjke djus ds fy, o`{k dh Nk;k |
12 ¼5-77½ |
8 ¼3-85½ |
32 ¼15-38½ |
14 ¼6-73½ |
18 ¼8-65½ |
207 ¼100½ |
|
|
_ukRed ckárk;sa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Nk;k ds dkj.k mit esa deh
|
4 ¼8½ |
2 ¼4½ |
12 ¼24½ |
2 ¼4½ |
3 ¼6½ |
50 ¼100½ |
|
2 |
dkaVksa dh lQkbZ dk [kpZ |
3 ¼9-09½ |
1 ¼3-03½ |
8 ¼24-24½ |
4 ¼12-12½ |
4 ¼12-12½ |
33 ¼100½ |
L=ksr&O;fDrxr losZ{k.k A
uksV% dks"Bd esa iznf’kZr izfr’kr dks n’kkZrk gSA
rkfydk Øekad 1-4 ds fo'ys"k.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd çLrqr 'kksèk vè;;u esa lk>k lEifÙk ds :i esa o`+{k ls çkIr ykHk ,oa gkfu dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA U;kn'kZ ikVu rglhy esa isM+ ds ifÙk;ksa dk eosf'k;kas ds pkjs ds :i esa lcls vfèkd 17-16 çfr'kr xzke vlksxk esa fd;k x;k gS rFkk lcls de 1-49 çfr'kr mi;ksx xzke pqyxgu gSA tykÅ ydM+h ds :i esa o`{kksa dk lcls vfèkd 16-22 çfr'kr mi;ksx xzke rsyhxqaMjk esa rFkk lcls de 4-32 çfr'kr xzke fuikuh esa fd;k tkrk gSA o`{k dk mi;ksx [ksyus ,oa Nk;k ds :i esa lcls vfèkd 13-96 çfr'kr xzke vlksxk rFkk lcls de mi;ksx 4-05 çfr'kr xzke pqyxgu esa fd;k x;k gSA
_.kkRed ckárk ds :i esa ikVu rglhy esa o`{k dh Nk;k ds dkj.k —f"k mit esa deh] lcls vfèkd 20-93 çfr'kr xksaMis.Mªh o lcls de çHkkfor xzke pqyxgu] eksrhiqj o fuiuh esa 4-65 çfr'kr gSA dk¡Vksa ,oa dpjksa dh lQkbZ ds :i esa lcls vfèkd [kpZ xzke vlksxk o rsyhxqaMjk esa 15-38 çfr'kr ifjokj çHkkfor gS rFkk lcls de 3-85 çfr'kr xzke pqyxgu o rjh?kkV çHkkfor gSA
blh çdkj lk>k lEifÙk ds :i esa o`+{k ls çkIr ykHk ,oa gkfu dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA U;kn'kZ èkeèkk rglhy esa isM+ ds iÙkh;ksa dk eosf'k;kas ds pkjs ds :i esa lcls vfèkd 25-26 çfr'kr xzke uafnuh[kaqnuh esa fd;k x;k gS rFkk lcls de 4-21 çfr'kr mi;ksx xzke vdksyh o ijlnk gSA tykÅ ydM+h ds :i esa o`{kksa dk lcls vfèkd 25-33 çfr'kr mi;ksx xzke esMsljk esa rFkk lcls de 3-06 çfr'kr xzke ijlnk esa fd;k tkrk gSA o`{k dk mi;ksx [ksyus ,oa Nk;k ds :i esa lcls vfèkd 30-77 çfr'kr xzke uafnuh[kaqnuh rFkk lcls de mi;ksx 3-85 çfr'kr xzke ijlnk esa fd;k x;k gSA
_.kkRed ckárk ds :i esa èkeèkk rglhy esa o`{k dh Nk;k ds dkj.k mit esa deh] lcls vfèkd 24 çfr'kr xzke esMsljk o lcls de çHkkfor xzke vdksyh] ijlnk o jD'kk esa 4 çfr'kr gSA dk¡Vksa ,oa dpjksa dh lQkbZ ds :i esa lcls vfèkd [kpZ xzke esMsljk esa 24-24 çfr'kr ifjokj çHkkfor gS rFkk lcls de 3-03 çfr'kr xzke ijlnk çHkkfor gS o vdksyh xzke blls vçHkkfor gSA
fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lk>k lEifÙk lalkèku ¼o`{k½ dk èkukRed ,oa _.kkRed çHkko ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
lk>k lEifÙk lalkèku & lM+d ¼_.kkRed ckárk½
'kksèk vè;;u esa U;kn'kZ rglhy ikVu rFkk èkeèkk esa lk>k lEifÙk lalkèku ds :i esa o`+{k ls çkIr gksus okys gkfu ¼_.kkRed ckárk½ dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA U;kn'kZ rglhy ds U;kn'kZ xk¡o ds U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa ls lM+d ls feyus okys gkfu ls lEcfUèkr tkudkjh çkFkfed lead ds :i esa fy;k x;k gSA ftldk fo'ys"k.k rkfydk Øekad 1-5 esa fd;k x;k gSA
rkfydk Øekad & 1-5 lk>k lEifÙk lalk/ku & lM+d ¼xzkeokj½
|
Ø- |
_.kkRed ckárk;sa |
ikVu rglhy ¼U;kn’kZ xkaoa½ |
|||||
|
vkSa/kh |
vlksxk |
Hkjj |
xksMisUMªh |
pqyxgu |
eksrhiqj |
||
|
N = 46 |
N = 65 |
N = 40 |
N = 59 |
N = 18 |
N = 29 |
||
|
1 |
Bsdsnkjh ds cnys fj’or nsus dks etcwj |
3 ¼9-37½ |
2 ¼6-25½ |
3 ¼9-37½ |
6 ¼18-75½ |
4 ¼12-5½ |
4 ¼12-5½ |
|
2 |
Bsdsnkj ds :Ik esa jktuhfrd :Ik ls izHkkfor O;fDr |
4 ¼8½ |
8 ¼16½ |
3 ¼6½ |
10 ¼20½ |
0 ¼0½ |
5 ¼10½ |
|
3 |
nq?kZVuk tU; tSlk lM+d vkSj v”kkafr |
4 ¼8-16½ |
7 ¼1429½ |
3 ¼6-12½ |
10 ¼20-40½ |
2 ¼4-08½ |
3 ¼6-12½ |
|
4 |
ikuh dk Bgjko [kjkc okrkoj.k cukrk gS |
24 ¼19-51½ |
21 ¼17-07½ |
8 ¼6-50½ |
18 ¼14-63½ |
5 ¼4-07½ |
10 ¼8-13½ |
|
5 |
;krk;kr ds dkj.k ok;q vkSj /ofu iznw’k.k |
6 ¼6-12½ |
11 ¼11-22½ |
8 ¼8-16½ |
21 ¼21-43½ |
5 ¼5-10½ |
8 ¼8-16½ |
|
|
_.kkRed ckárk;sa |
/ke/kk rglhy ¼U;kn’kZ xkaoa½ |
|||||
|
jkSank |
vdksyh |
BsaxkHkkV |
uafnuh[kqanuh |
xksrk |
lksusljkj |
||
|
N = 27 |
N = 15 |
N = 25 |
N = 89 |
N = 29 |
N = 26 |
||
|
1 |
Bsdsnkjh ds cnys fj’or nsus dks etcwj |
2 ¼6-45½ |
1 ¼3-23½ |
1 ¼3-23½ |
7 ¼22-58½ |
3 ¼9-68½ |
3 ¼9-68½ |
|
2 |
Bsdsnkj ds :Ik esa jktuhfrd :Ik ls izHkkfor O;fDr |
5 ¼102½ |
3 ¼6-12½ |
3 ¼6-12½ |
10 ¼20-40½ |
4 ¼8-16½ |
3 ¼6-12½ |
|
3 |
nq?kZVuk tU; tSlk lM+d vkSj v’kkafr |
4 ¼7-84½ |
7 ¼13-73½ |
3 ¼5-88½ |
10 ¼19-61½ |
2 ¼3-92½ |
4 ¼7-84½ |
|
4 |
ikuh dk Bgjko [kjkc okrkoj.k cukrk gS |
6 ¼10-17½ |
1 ¼1-69½ |
7 ¼11-86½ |
12 ¼20-34½ |
3 ¼5-08½ |
2 ¼3-39½ |
|
5 |
;krk;kr ds dkj.k ok;q vkSj /ofu iznw’k.k |
6 ¼13-33½ |
0 ¼0½ |
5 ¼11-11½ |
7 ¼15-55½ |
3 ¼6-66½ |
3 ¼6-66½ |
rkfydk Øekad & 1-5 Cont…
|
Ø- |
_.kkRed ckárk;sa |
|
|
|||
|
exj?kVk |
rjh?kkV |
rsyhxqaMjk |
fuikuh |
;ksx |
||
|
N = 42 |
N = 49 |
N = 45 |
N = 35 |
N = 428 |
||
|
1 |
Bsdsnkjh ds cnys fj’or nsus dks etcwj |
3 ¼9-37½ |
2 ¼6-25½ |
4 ¼12-5½ |
1 ¼3-13½ |
32 ¼100½ |
|
2 |
Bsdsnkj ds :Ik esa jktuhfrd :Ik ls izHkkfor O;fDr |
4 ¼8½ |
8 ¼16½ |
5 ¼10½ |
3 ¼6½ |
50 ¼100½ |
|
3 |
nq?kZVuk tU; tSlk lM+d vkSj v’kkafr |
5 ¼10-20½ |
8 ¼16-33½ |
4 ¼8-16½ |
3 ¼6-12½ |
49 ¼100½ |
|
4 |
ikuh dk Bgjko [kjkc okrkoj.k cukrk gS |
12 ¼9-76½ |
13 ¼10-57½ |
6 ¼4-88½ |
6 ¼4-88½ |
123 ¼100½ |
|
5 |
;krk;kr ds dkj.k ok;q vkSj /ofu iznw’k.k |
12 ¼12-24½ |
13 ¼13-27½ |
8 ¼8-16½ |
6 ¼6-12½ |
98 ¼100½ |
|
|
_.kkRed ckárk;sa |
|
|
|||
|
Ikjlnk |
esMs+ljk |
jD’kk |
jktiqj |
;ksx |
||
|
N = 16 |
N = 71 |
N = 24 |
N = 32 |
N = 354 |
||
|
1 |
Bsdsnkjh ds cnys fj’or nsus dks etcwj |
1 ¼3-23½ |
3 ¼9-68½ |
3 ¼9-68½ |
2 ¼6-45½ |
31 ¼100½ |
|
2 |
Bsdsnkj ds :Ik esa jktuhfrd :Ik ls izHkkfor O;fDr |
0 ¼0½ |
13 ¼26-53½ |
4 ¼8-16½ |
4 ¼8-16½ |
49 ¼100½ |
|
3 |
nq?kZVuk tU; tSlk lM+d vkSj v’kkafr |
1 ¼1-96½ |
13 ¼25-49½ |
4 ¼7-84½ |
3 ¼5-88½ |
51 ¼100½ |
|
4 |
ikuh dk Bgjko [kjkc okrkoj.k cukrk gS |
1 ¼1-69½ |
16 ¼27-12½ |
6 ¼10-17½ |
5 ¼8-47½ |
59 ¼100½ |
|
5 |
;krk;kr ds dkj.k ok;q vkSj /ofu iznw’k.k |
2 ¼4-44½ |
9 ¼20½ |
4 ¼8-89½ |
6 ¼13-33½ |
45 ¼100½ |
L=ksr&O;fDrxr losZ{k.k A
uksV% dks"Bd esa iznf"kZr izfr’kr dks n’kkZrk gSA
rkfydk Øekad 1-5 ds vè;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd çLrqr 'kksèk vè;;u esa lk>k lEifÙk ds :i esa lM+d ls çkIr gkfu dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k x;k gSA U;kn'kZ ikVu rglhy esa lM+d fuekZ.k ds fy, Bsdsnkjh ds cnys fjÜor nsus dh etcqjh dk lcls vfèkd 18-75 çfr'kr xzke xksMis.Mªh rFkk lcls de 3-13 çfr'kr çHkko xzke fuikuh esa ik;k x;k gSA Bsdsnkjh ds fy, jktuhfrd :i ls çHkkfor O;fä;ksa dk lcls vfèkd çfr'kr 20 xzke xksMis.Mªh esa gS o lcls de 0 çfr'kr xzke pqyxgu esa ik;k x;k gSA nq?kZVuk tU; o v'kkafr lM+d ds :i esa lcls vfèkd 20-40 çfr'kr xksMis.Mªh o lcls de 4-08 çfr'kr pqyxgu gSA [kjkc lM+d fuekZ.k ds dkj.k ikuh dk Bgjko dk lcls vfèkd leL;k xzke vkSaèkh esa 19-51 çfr'kr gS rFkk lcls de 4-07 çfr'kr xzke pqyxgu esa gSA vfèkd ;krk;kr ds dkj.k ok;q ,oa èofu çnw"k.k dh leL;k lcls vfèkd 21-43 çfr'kr xzke xksMis.Mªh o lcls de 5-10 çfr'kr xzke pqyxgu esa gSA
U;kn'kZ èkeèkk rglhy esa lk>k lEifÙk ds :i esa lM+d ls çkIr gkfu dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k x;k gSA lM+d fuekZ.k ds fy, Bsdsnkjh ds cnys fjÜor nsus dh etcqjh dk lcls vfèkd 22-58 çfr'kr xzke uafnuh[kaqnuh rFkk lcls de 3-23 çfr'kr çHkko xzke vdksuh] BsaxkHkkV o xzke ijlnk esa ik;k x;k gSA Bsdsnkjh ds fy, jktuhfrd :i ls çHkkfor O;fä;ksa dk lcls vfèkd çfr'kr 26-53 xzke esMsljk esa gS o lcls de 0 çfr'kr xzke ijlnk esa ik;k x;k gSA nq?kZVuk tU; o v'kkafr lM+d ds :i esa lcls vfèkd 25-49 çfr'kr esMsljk o lcls de 1-96 çfr'kr ijlnk gSA [kjkc lM+d fuekZ.k ds dkj.k ikuh dk Bgjko dk lcls vfèkd leL;k xzke esMsljk esa 27-12 çfr'kr gS rFkk lcls de 1-69 çfr'kr xzke vdksyh o ijlnk esa gSA vfèkd ;krk;kr ds dkj.k ok;q ,oa èofu çnw"k.k dh leL;k lcls vfèkd 20 çfr'kr xzke esMsljk o lcls de 0 çfr'kr xzke vdksyh esa gSA
mijksä fo'ys"k.k ls fu"d"kZ Lo:i ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd lk>k lEifÙk lalkèku & lM+d ls fofHkUu fcUnqvksa ds vkèkkj ij gkfu ¼_.kkRed ckárk½ çkIr gksrk gSA
rkfydk Øekad & 1-6 lk>k lEifÙk lalk/ku & lM+d
|
Ø- |
_.kkRed ckárk;sa |
ikVu rglhy |
/ke/kk rglhy |
dqy ;ksx |
||||||
|
gk¡ |
ugha |
;ksx |
gk¡ |
ugha |
;ksx |
gk¡ |
ugha |
;ksx |
||
|
1 |
Bsdsnkjh ds cnys fj’or nsus dks etcwj |
32 ¼4-09½ |
396 ¼50-64½ |
428 ¼54-73½ |
31 ¼3-96½ |
323 ¼41-30½ |
354 ¼45-27½ |
63 ¼8-06½ |
719 ¼91-94½ |
782 ¼100½ |
|
2 |
Bsdsnkj ds :Ik esa jktuhfrd :Ik ls izHkkfor O;fDr |
50 ¼6-39½ |
378 ¼48-34½ |
428 ¼54-73½ |
49 ¼6-27½ |
305 ¼39-00½ |
354 ¼45-27½ |
99 ¼12-66½ |
683 ¼87-34½ |
782 ¼100½ |
|
3 |
nq?kZVuk tU; tSlk lM+d vkSj v”kkafr |
49 ¼6-27½ |
379 ¼48-46½ |
428 ¼54-73½ |
51 ¼6-52½ |
303 ¼38-75½ |
354 ¼45-27½ |
100 ¼12-79½ |
682 ¼87-21½ |
782 ¼100½ |
|
4 |
ikuh dk Bgjko [kjkc okrkoj.k cukrk gS |
123 ¼15-73½ |
305 ¼39-00½ |
428 ¼54-73½ |
59 ¼7-54½ |
295 ¼37-72½ |
354 ¼45-27½ |
182 ¼23-27½ |
600 ¼76-73½ |
782 ¼100½ |
|
5 |
;krk;kr ds dkj.k ok;q vkSj /ofu iznw’k.k |
98 ¼12-53½ |
330 ¼42-20½ |
428 ¼54-73½ |
45 ¼5-75½ |
309 ¼39-51½ |
354 ¼45-27½ |
143 ¼18-29½ |
639 ¼81-71½ |
782 ¼100½ |
L=ksr&O;fDrxr losZ{k.k A
uksV% dks"Bd esa iznf’kZr izfr’kr dks n’kkZrk gSA
rkfydk Øekad 1-6 ds vè;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd çLrqr 'kksèk vè;;u esa lk>k lEifÙk ds :i esa lM+d ls çkIr gkfu dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k x;k gSA U;kn'kZ rglhyksa esa lM+d fuekZ.k ds fy, Bsdsnkjh ds cnys fjÜor nsus dh etcqjh dk çfr'kr 8-06 çfr'kr gSA Bsdsnkjh ds fy, jktuhfrd :i ls çHkkfor O;fä;ksa dk çfr'kr 12-66 gSA nq?kZVuk tU; o v'kkar lM+d ds :i esa çfr'kr 12-79 gSA [kjkc lM+d fuekZ.k ds dkj.k ikuh dk Bgjko dh leL;k dk çfr'kr 23-27 gSA vfèkd ;krk;kr ds dkj.k ok;q ,oa èofu çnw"k.k dh leL;k dk çfr'kr 18-29 gSA
fu"d"kZ %&
çLrqr 'kksèk i= esa fd jklk;fud vknkuksa tSls moZjd vkSj dhVuk'kdksa dks 'kkfey djus okyh vkèkqfud okf.kfT;d —f"k i)fr;ksa dks [kk| mRiknu esa Hkkjh o`f) ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gS] vkSj gfjr Økafr çkS|ksfxdh ds rgr vukt mRiknu ds {ks= esa vR;fèkd o`f) ntZ dh xbZ gSA mPp mRikndrk] mPp —f=e vknkuksa dk mi;ksx vkSj i;kZoj.kh; fxjkoV vkSj ekuo LokLF; çHkkoksa ds chp ,d –';eku lekukarj lglacaèk dbZ ns'kksa esa Li"V gS tgka okf.kfT;d —f"k O;kid gSA bu jlk;fud vknkuksa ds mPp mi;ksx us ekuo LokLF;] —f"k Hkwfe] vU; mRiknu çfØ;kvksa] oU; thou vkSj lkekU; :i ls i;kZoj.k ij çHkko Mkyus okyh dbZ çnw"k.k leL;k,a iSnk dh gSaA moZjdksa ds mi;ksx ls i;kZoj.k vkSj ekuo LokLF; ij fo?kVudkjh çHkkoksa ds lkFk dbZ ns'kksa esa lrg vkSj Hkwty dks çnwf"kr fd;k gSA —f"k oSKkfudksa us ukbVªkstu moZjdksa esa o`f) vkSj pkoy ds dhVksa ds çlkj ds chp ,d dM+h LFkkfir dh gSA dhVuk'kdksa us Hkh] i;kZoj.k] vU; mRiknu çfØ;kvksa] euq";ksa dks çHkkfor fd;k gS vkSj e`R;q lfgr dbZ O;kolkf;d LokLF; [krjksa dk dkj.k cuk gSA
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7. Ostrom, Elinor (1994) “Neither market nor state: Governance of common-pool resources in the twenty-first century”, IFPRI, Workshop in political theory and policy analysis, Indian University, U.S.A.
8. Palmer, J. Jeffrey (2003) “Synthesis of experiences on better agriculture practices for environmental sustainability” Asian rural life development foundation (ARLDF), International Chiang Mai Thailand, p.p. 6-8.
9. bafM;u baLVhV~;wV vkWQ QkjsLV eSustesaV ¼vkbZ vkbZ ,Q ,e½ ¼2010½ ^^bEisDV ,slslesaV vkWQ ,e th ,u vkj bZ th , ,fDVfoVht QkWj bdksykWftdy ,aM bdksuksfed flD;qfjVh**] Hkksiky % vkbZ vkbZ ,Q ,e( o"kZ 2010 xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky;@;w,uMhihA
10. lsaVj QkWj lkbal ,aM ,uok;juesaV ¼lh ,l bZ½ ¼2008½ ^^vkWijP;wfuVht ,aM pSyastsl QkWj ,u vkj bZ th ,*^] o"kZ 2008] v/;k; 5] i`"B 35&46] ubZ fnYyhA
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Received on 08.11.2024 Revised on 30.11.2024 Accepted on 15.12.2024 Published on 18.12.2024 Available online on December 27, 2024 Int. J. Ad. Social Sciences. 2024; 12(4):254-264. DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2024.00041 ©A and V Publications All right reserved
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