INTRODUCTION:

India is called a country of diversity, here different religions, nation, field, People of the community based on language reside, each group has its own social and cultural identity which is very amazing and rare, seeing this wonderful form fills the heart with enthusiasm. Whatever festivals are celebrated in our country, many forms are seen in them, some festivals are related to the season and some are culturally religious., There are political and social which have a specific meaning as well as some importance in which the nature and condition of human beings are definitely reflected in some form or the other. In our country, festivals are celebrated throughout the year because here the festival does not belong to any one class but is considered different castes., Sects, It is organized by the classes which we all celebrate together with enthusiasm.

Since time immemorial, the tribal community has contributed significantly to the development of Indian tradition, their customs and beliefs are still seen in Hindu society. There are many types of tribal communities in India and one of them is the majority tribal state of Chhattisgarh. According to the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution, Chhattisgarh has a total 42 Scheduled Tribes are found in Chhattisgarh by the President under the Constitution of India. 5 Tribes Baiga, Waist, Pahari Korwa, Birhor and Abujhmadiya have been included under the special backward tribe, tribal people are very talented and creative, the state of Chhattisgarh is full of natural beauty, here a wonderful mixture of urban and rural life is seen, tribal festivals have their own place in the culture here, people living in Chhattisgarh celebrate different types of festivals for the gods and goddesses and culture of different tribes. Which have been going on since ancient times. People celebrate these festivals to remind them of their lineage., A fun way of self-preservation and celebrate as the beginning of the seasons changes. The tribal festivals of Chhattisgarh are the best way to understand the culture here, The festival with all its colors and traditions gives a true reflection of this state. These festivals give us a sense of organization and social harmony.

Special Backward Tribe means :-

The tribal groups which are more backward than other tribes or are far away from the mainstream of tribal society are termed as Special Backward Tribes.

‘‘By Government of India the following criteria have been laid down for primitive tribes in the Fifth Five Year Plan period:

1) Literacy rate should be very low less than 12 percent.

2) The population is decreasing or stagnating.

3) Living in the mainstream of society and tribes separate from other tribal groups or primitive way of life.

4) The basis of economic economy is agriculture, hunting, forest produce collection etc.

5) The economic situation is very backward. ''

The above trait was found in the tribal community included in the year 2006 In the Government of India the Primitive Tribe Group ;Specially Vulnerable Tribal ;The number of units in the country and the number of people who have been grouped together. At present, in India, 75 Tribes have been kept in it. Abujhmadiya of Chhattisgarh, Birhor, Pahari Korwa, Baiga, These five tribes have been given the status of primitive tribal group. along with that Pando and Bhunjiya tribes are declared primitive tribe by Chhattisgarh government.

Primitive tribes have been defined by scholars as follows:

1) Hindi's famous writer and critic Kamleshwar writes that - "What we call 5000 years old Indian civilization is basically our tribal civilization. "

2) According to tribal thinker Dr. Ganga Sahai Meena, "Tribal is the collective name of all the primitive communities considered to be the original inhabitants of the country. In this context, it is worth considering that the origin of the term tribal refers to the history of those communities till primitive times. "

3) "The term 'Adivasi' generally means a geographically isolated or semi-isolated ethnic group, identified within a certain range of boundaries and having distinct social, economic and cultural traditions and practices."

Cultural festivals of tribes:

Local festivals have an important contribution in the development of culture of any region, it makes the culture alive, in terms of festivals, the tribal community of Chhattisgarh region has been very prosperous, who continue to enjoy the cultural sentiments here.

Festivals of Baiga Tribe :

The festival of Baiga tribe living in the forest area is closely related to nature. The festival of Baigas has come about due to cultural mingling and traditions. The festivals of Baiga tribe are as follows -

1. Bidri:

Bidri Puja is celebrated in the month of Jeth-Ashadha before sowing the seeds. In this festival, seeds are worshiped with the desire for good yield. The date of the festivals is told three to four days in advance, The seeds of grains sown by the head of the family of each village are filled in both the leaves of Mahlon and collected in the courtyard, at the same time the Dawar (village gunia) worships Mother Earth and remembers the Chitkanwar Devi by offering incense, coconut and chicken on the collected grain. Then the juice is sprayed with dim, The worshipped grain is taken by Baiga farmers and mixed with the grain sown in the fields.

2. Hareli:

Hareli festival is celebrated on Sawan Amavasya. On this day, the head of the family gets up early in the morning and soaks bamboo from the forest., Bhilat ki dal, Jogi Lati Root, Hasia, They cut the branches of Thapar and Bhavarmal and take them to the fields and worship Mother Earth and bury them there and pray for good yield, From there, some bring the branch and dig it on the roof of the house. On this day, the gate of the village is given neg. On this day, in the evening in each house, animals are fed some salt and herbs.

3. Gaulinwa:-

In this festival, Chhitkanwar (the goddess who protects crops from pests) is worshiped. It is the belief of Baigas that celebrating this festival does not cause pests in crops. On this day, Baiga worships the crop and recites the mantra by offering a few drops of 'Babra' and dim in it.

4. Navakhai or Nawapani:

The Nawpani festival is celebrated to commemorate the harvest of the harvest, Baigas have such a belief that whatever crop Mother Earth provides, it should first feed the ancestors. Bangas do not eat the new crop without feeding the ancestors, If he eats the new crop, there is a fear of death due to snake bite. According to the Baiga tribe, Navapani Puja is a symbol of the fact that with the blessings of their deities and ancestors, the house is filled with food grains.

5. Dussehra:

The people of Baiga tribe celebrate Dussehra festival on the tenth day of Kunwar month, It is a dance festival which symbolizes the joy and unity of the village. Mother Earth and Mother Sarseti are worshipped. In Dang, the gods are invoked, all the young people dressed around the Dang dance.

6. Chherchhera, Chherta:

Baiga is the children's festival Chherchhera, which children dance and sing songs and go from house to house asking for Chherchhera, in return for which food grains are given to the children.

7. Jawara :-

Sowing jawara in the month of Chait and in the virgin in the marhia of Khermai. 9 After worshipping the goddess for days, the jawara is immersed in the river. Thus this festival is celebrated by Baiga tribes. Apart from the above festivals, Deepawali and Holi festivals are also celebrated by the Baiga tribes. Thus your ancestors, Gods and Goddesses, Throughout the year, some festival related to farming and nature is celebrated by the Baiga tribes.

Festivals of Pahari Korwa Tribe:

The Pahari Korwa tribe lives in the state of Chhattisgarh in India, they do not live in other states, they live in the Surguja division of Chhattisgarh, their total population is 25981, it is more backward than other tribes. Therefore, the Pahari Korwa Development Agency was constituted by the Government of India and the Government of India has allocated funds by making schemes for their development.

The Pahari Korwa tribe worships the father's dead soul as equal to God, Khudia Rani is worshiped by them, in addition to this, Budha Dev, Gram Devi, Budhi Maa etc. Gods and Goddesses are worshiped.

1. Hariyali:

On this day, they offer new vegetables to their ancestors as well as sacrifice the chicken and from this day they eat new vegetables.

2. Karma:

This festival is celebrated on the Ekadashi of Bhado month, this festival is celebrated between paddy planting and paddy harvesting, mainly based on wildlife and agricultural culture.

3. Kora Parva:

Kora festival is celebrated by the Koravi tribe after the harvesting of Kodo Kutki.

4. Theresa Festival:

This festival is celebrated by the Korwa tribe to commemorate the harvesting of mustard crop in the month of Paush.

5. Navakhai:

Navakhai festival is celebrated on the day of Bhadrapad Shukla Panchami, on this day the village deities and ancestors are worshiped and new crops are offered to them, only after that the crop is used.

6. Diari Festival:

Diari festival is celebrated in the month of Paush-Magh, on this day lamps are lit in the house and on the second day, Gothans are worshiped, animals are oiled.

Festivals of Birhor Tribe:

Birhor is made up of two words, Bir means jungle hor means man, so Birhor literally means man of the forest. The Birhor tribes consider themselves as a group of Suryavanshis and Kharwars. In 1925, anthropologist Sarat Chandra Ray researched the Birhor community and wrote the book " The Birhor: Little Known Jungle Tribe of Chhattisgarh".

Birhor tribe is a special backward tribe of Chhattisgarh state, most of their population lives in Jashpur, Raigarh, Surguja, Korba, Bilaspur districts, according to the baseline survey of the survey institute in 2015-16, their population is 3490 and the literacy rate is 47.98 percent.

The main deity of the Birhor tribe is the Sun, apart from this, Budhi Mata, Marimata, Ancestor Pahar, ancestor Devimata, Nadimata etc. are worshiped, they offer homemade salad and sacrifice of chicken, goat, pig etc.

1. Moha Festival:

Moha festival is celebrated by the Birhor tribe in the month of Phalgun. In this festival dedicated to Thakur Dev, worship is done by visiting Devram and Diharin by breaking shriphal and burning incense sticks.

2. Muth Chhora:

This festival related to Diharin deity is celebrated in the month of Jeth and takes the plough to the field and produces coconut for higher yield of paddy., sunshine, Flowers are offered and worshiped.

3. Khedi Festival:

This festival dedicated to Mother Earth is celebrated in the month of Shravan and prayers are offered for the good wishes of the village.

4. Poos Festival:

Birhor is the biggest festival of the tribe, it is celebrated with great pomp in the month of Pus, on this day the village deity is worshiped by offering Kheri phool and Kutki and prayers are offered for the prosperity of the village.

5. Navakhaii:

This festival is celebrated in the month of Bhado, Birhor tribes worship Diharin Sarpan Dev Thakur Dev on this day, this festival is mainly celebrated to satisfy the deity before eating the new crop.

6. Holi:

Before eating mahua, to please God so that there is no disease, the Birhor tribes celebrate this festival in the month of Phalgun and worship Diharin Sarpan Dev Thakur Dev.

7. Kharboj:

This festival is celebrated on the month of Aghan, Mother Earth, Diharin worships Sarpan Dev and prays to him every year for the protection of the crop.

CONCLUSION:

The lifestyle of tribes in world history holds its special significance in the modern era. Along with the culture of the tribes, character characteristics are also found in them. These communities are always conscious of protecting their culture and their established culture, tradition, customs and practice, mode of living, It is best to keep beliefs permanent for a long time. They live in natural surroundings, far away from modernity, Their traditional customs are still the same as before. Traditional rituals in their lives, Festivals, Festivals have more importance, which communicates enthusiasm in their struggling life, these people celebrate festivals throughout the year, often due to being associated with forest and agriculture, their festivals are also related to nature and agriculture.

REFERENCES:

1. Alang, Dr. Sanjay: Tribes of Chhattisgarh, Jan Gyan Vigyan Samiti, Allahabad, 2016

2. Bagchi Jashodhara, The Chasing State of Women in West Bengal 1970-2000 The Challenge Ahead, sage india, new delhi,2005

3. Convict S.L., Jain P.C.Indian Society: Structure and Change, National Publishing House, Jaipur, 2004

4. Dr. Gajendra Kumar, Baiga: Socio-Cultural and Economic History, Sarika prakashan, dodki Chhattisgarh, 2022

5. Gangasahay,Meena, Adivasi Sahitya Vimarsh, Neha Publishers & Distributors,new delhi, 2012

6. Kabra, P.C.: Birhor Special Backward Tribe, Madhya Pradesh Tribal Research Institute, Bhopal, 1987

7. Rizvi, B.R.: Hill Korvas of Chhattisgarh, Gyan Publishing House, Delhi, 1989

8. Sinha Anil Kishore, Primitive Tribes of Chhattisgarh, Northern Book Centre,new delhi, 2006

9. Tiwari, Shivkumar: Tribes of India, Northern Book Centre, New Delhi, 1992

10. Tripathi, Sanjay and Tripathi, Mrs. Chandan: Chhattisgarh Comprehensive Reference, Upkar Publication, Agra, 2015

11. Vaishnav, T.K.: Scheduled Tribes of Chhattisgarh, Chhattisgarh Tribal Research and Training Institute, Raipur, 2004

12. Report of the Governor on the Administration of Scheduled Areas of Chhattisgarh, Government of Chhattisgarh, Tribal and Scheduled Development Department, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh 2012-13

13. Sharma Vinod : Social Anthropological Study of Kamar Tribe Dissertation Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, 1993

Received on 27.05.2024 Modified on 10.06.2024

Int. J. Ad. Social Sciences. 2024; 12(2):65-69.

DOI: 10.52711/2454-2679.2024.00012