INTRODUCTION:

Bibliometric analysis has now become a well accepted a neighborhood of data research and a quantitative access to the depiction of the document and examination of service is achievement of researchers. The bibliometrics springs from Latin and Greek words is biblio and metrics. The word derivation biblio-metrics stands for the appliance of mathematics to the study of bibliography. The word bibliometrics was originate in 1969 by Alan Pritchard. he describes bibloimerics as 'The application of mathematical method to books and other media of communication'. He recommends tthat bibliometrics should substitute statistical bibliography. Which has been usage since 1923. When it had been creating by E. Wyndham Hume at the university of Cambridge. He explains bibliometrics because the ''application of mathematics and statistical method to shed light on the tactic of written communication and on the character and course of development of a discipline by means of counting and analyzing various facts of written communication''.

The word bibliometrics is like Dr Ranganthan's ''Librametrics'' Russian idea ''Scientometrics'' FID's ''In for metrics'' and also to same well exhibit sub area link ''Econometrics'' ''Psychometric'' ''Sociomtrics'' and ''Biometrics'' where mathematical and statistical calculations are methodically appeal to review and solve problem within the sector of library sciCiTence history of science, informatics, Economics, Psychology, Sociology, and Biology respectively. As Fairthorne defined that ''The field of bibliometrics is that the quantitative treatment to the properties of recorded discourse and behavior concerning it''. Ravichandra Rao says ''Bibliometric is understood to cover the study of distribution of the tactic concerning the activities of library staff and readers''. The certified knowledge may be within the type of books 'journals editorial theses, dissertation etc. In most subject disciplines, bibliometric research has developed a body of Theoretical knowledge and a gaggle of techniques supported bibliographic data elements it studies are used to identify the pattern of publication, authorship, citations and or secondary journals coverage within the hope that such regularities can given an i'd in to the dynamics of the planet under consideration of knowledge resources which can be adequate used. Bibliometric as how has extensive application in identify the research rends during a topic, trends in authorship and collaboration in research.

Definition and Meaning:

Bibliometric means application of statistical methods in Library and knowledge Science. Many experiments are made to define the term bibliometrics and its analogous terms since the utilization of the term “statistical bibliography”. Baughman (1974) reported that citation study may be a systematic enquiry into the structural properties of the literature of the topic.

Hawkins (1977) in his on-line bibliometrics study interpreted the term bibliometrics because the quantitative chemical analysis of the bibliographic features of a body of literature.

NEED OF THE STUDY:

The innovative developments in Information Communication Technology had provided new avenues for research within the field of science, humanities and social sciences. this study is predicated on research within the field of life sciences. The bioscience research is growing within the faster rate. So, the literature productions within the field of bioscience are more and scattered. Bibliometrics literally mean “book measurement” but the term is employed about all quite document forms. The measurements aren't physical properties of documents but statistical patterns in variables like authorship, sources, subjects, geographical origin and citations. This study helps the librarians to gather process and disseminate the knowledge to the respective users in right formats. The findings of present study will help in collection development and financial planning for procurement of documents which are most vital within the field of life sciences.

LAW OF BIBLIOMETRIC:

The three fundamental laws which result to the formation of bibliometrics.

Lotka Law

Bradford’s Law

Zipe’s Law

LOTKA’S LAW:

Alfred J Lotka in 1926 defin. a law o f ancient productivity's supported correlation between the amount of author and their contributions. his low provided fundamenta theoretical base for bibliometric studies involving authorship. he was curious about in intimidate '''the part which man of differnt caliber contribute to the professional trees of science. -LOkta recmmeded his inverse square law contra contributors of scientific paper to there number of contributions. mathematically lotka's law stands as.

X''. a.1/y. or. x''y=c.

where 'y' is that the frequecy. of author contributing. 'n' paper each and 'c' may be a constant.

BRADFORD’S LAW:

Samuel Clement Bradford in 1934 characterize the scattering pattern within the area of related geophysics and lubrication Bradford's law is predicated on the distribution of publication during a particular discipline or articles during set of journals. Bradford articulated his law of scattering as ''Articles of interest to a specialist must occur not only within the journals specialising in his subject but also, from time to time ,in other journals, which grow in number because the relation of their fields there to of his subject in each journals diminishes ''Bradford achieve that if scientific journals are listed in decreasing order of productivity of papers on a selected subject .than they stand apart in to a nucleus of journals more especially dedicated to the topic and considerable the zones containing the same number of journals in the nucleus and sequential zones will be 1:N:N2:N3:N4............

ZIPF’S LAW:

George Kingsley zipf perfering on the statistics of vocubularies, formulated his law I n1935 taking statistical technique of ranking. of word-frequency, beginning with the foremost productive. zipf's. Law is predicated on word-frequency ranking during a defined set of documents. Zipf in his law recommended an equation correlating high and low frequency words of an extended textual matter of tongue and exhibit a natural relationship between rank word and frequency of words. his states that during a long text matter if the words are arranged in their decreasing order of frequency, than the rank of any given word of the taxt are going to be natural proportional to the frequency of occurrence the word.

Mathematically zipf's law are often written as:

r a. 1/f. Of r f=c.

Where 'r' designate rank word 'f' stands for frequency word 'c 'is constant.

LIBRAMETRIC:

In1947 Dr. S. R. Ranganathan used the word Librametry. In his book library Aministration, Dr. S. R. Ranganhan tively analyzing library routines to reach daily, weekly and periodically grouping and ended the analysis with a library staff formula. Quantitative methods applied to library management and services have come to be referred to as librametry. Dr Ranganathan suggested at the Aslib conference in leamengton spain in 1948 that it had been necessary for librarians to develop “Librametry” on the lines of biometry, econometry and psychometry, since many of the matters connected with library work and services involve large numbers. Despite his attempts to define the scope of librametry, the field didn't develop unit the early1970’s S R Ranganathan suggested the utilization of librametry for determining the optimum size of a service library. Design of library building. size of reading rooms then on. Even in classification and cataloguing there was scope for librametry. like determining the foremost helpful facet sequence through statistical analysis of readers queries, use of sampling technique in testing the accurancy of catalogue entries out of difference between cataloues and making all the principles more rigorous. Librametry is born out of the ground problems use of resources users’ habits service aspects, literature analysis, survey, citation studies, grading of periodicals, inter library cooperation, profession, satisfaction of librarian and knowledge scientists etc. Measurment of library activities and results of its services would form the core of librametry. Essentially, the measuring by a consistent norm and examine the interrelationship of the assembled data, drawing formulae of behavior patterns or conclusions within the shapes of trends or established maxima minima limits for the phenomena.

SCIENOMETRICS:

The term was recommend and came into eminence with the founding of the journal named ''Scienometrics'' by Tibor Braunin 1977 basically published in Hungary and currently from Amsterdam.The scope of the journals is to published all those studies of quoutitative aspects of science as a discipline or economic activity .Scienomtrics partially of the sociology of science and his application to science politics .it contain quantitative studies of scientific activities .counting among others publication and so overlaps bibliometrics to some extent. scienometrics is category of the ''science of science'' the formation of science and. Its productivity analysis results scienometrics .it has appeared as a replacement development which uses bibliometric method for evaluation and measure of scientific progress and its social relevance. scienometrics as a science which perform dependability measurements scientific activity and acknowledge. Its objective quantitative regularities. Scienometric methods, and indicators on the amount of citations, term etc. there are two aspects within science of science, first- the normative aspect which deals with the overall laws of the event science as a knowledge system and a selected social institution and second –the normative aspect which deals with the event of practical recommendations for raising research efficiency. Nalimov and Nmulchenko (1969) define this term “as a sub- field study of science as an information process”. in this information model, publications are carriers of data and promoters of communication. The principle aims of 'scienometrics' is to manage the state and anticipation. of a topic and its future development any scienometric indicator are used for this purpose and one of the many indicators is that the number of publications, its variation over time is typically. commonly scienometrics may be a complex of mathematical and statistical procedure used to expression such facet as staff, economics, history, science and to define evolutionary prospects of science.

INFORMETRICS:

The term ''Informetrics'' as propose by German scientists Blackert and Zygel may be a newly formed branch of science. mathematical and statistical procedure t explore scientific and technical information on theoretical level and practical information activities. information was first proposed by Otto, Nacke of Germany in1979. A committee on informetrics was found out in 1984 by FID. Which found out its objectives for providing reliable data for research and development, for politics and planning, and for management of institutions, projects, programmers and activities. In 1987. the primary international conference on bibliometrics was held in Belgium. within the second conference of bibliometrics, scienometrics and informetrics held at London in 1989, BC Brookes suggerted to use the generic term ‘informetrics ‘to denote the utilization and development of a spread of measures to review and analyze several properties of data generally and documents especially. For the third conference held at Banglore in 1991, the name informetrics was used for the fourth conference held at Germany in 1993, all the three ters were used and for the fifth conference to be held at Illinois, the term informetrics and scienometrics are include within the title. Thus, there exists some more confirmation for the term ‘informetrics’ to be universally accepted. Informetrics is being wont to cover both sciento and Biblio-metrics impartially. it has originated no severally new ideas of its own but because it completely covers both documentary and electronic sorts of communication, it's going to have a future .as a general field of study it combines the sooner fields ''Bibliomentrics'' and ''Scienometrics''. informatric analysis are applied in science policy studies especially in countries like US, UK, Netherlands etc.

WEBOMETICS:

Research of all network-based communication using informetrics or other quantitative measures is named webometrics. The development of the planet wide web has encouraged the event of analogues method that are supported the thought that an internet link to a selected uniform resources locator is analogues to aonventional citation to a private academic paper, monographes etc. such citation lie at the essential of webometric studies of which there's an increasing number within the literature .cited within two year of an items publication. An important concept in webometrics is that the web impact factor, A web impact factor thus provides a natural web-based analogue of the impact factor that has been extensively used for evaluating traditional printed journal most obiviously within the annul journal citation reports published by the institute for scientific information. The main difference is that the impact factor are calculated with reference to a given period of time typically by considering the citation attar Webometrics within the quantitative chemical analysis of data recapture from the planet wide web. important concept is web contact factor which is appli end broadly I webometrics researches to rank website. webometrics includes web link studies tool like ''DMOZ'' rank website. webometrics include web link studies tool like ''DMOZ'' is applied to seek out out quantitative web related information.

“Webometrics is that the quantitative chemical analysis of web phenomena, drawing upon information methods, and typically addressing problems associated with bibliometrics.”

CYBERMETRICS:

Cybermetrics is that the last developed concept for science of measure for cyber materials. Cybermetrics term derived from two word “Cyber and Metrics” where metrics came from metre which was drived from latin word metrun means measure. By combining the 2 words we get the meaning of cybermetrics as science of measurement involving cyber objects. Cybermetrics may be a relatively new information discipline that aims to quantitatively measure web phenomena. By web phenomena we mean the amount of hyperlinks on an internet site, their structure and patterns of use by web users, and their reciprocal links by other websites.

ALTMETRICS:

Altimeters are aspect of how people collaboration with given thoughtful work ''The aim to live web-drive scholarly interactions, such as how often research is tweeted, blogged, about or bookmarked'' Howard 2012, Robinson-Gorcia et all. 2014. in Altmetrics, data from social web calcualte. and investigated for informing sholorship. it complement conventional citations-based data.

BIBLIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS:

PUBLICATION COUNTS:

Jones Studies the correlation between the publication counts and other measures of scientific merits like research finding, cited ness, etc and located an inexpensive correlation. The simplest technique of bibliometrics is counting the entire numbers of publication of a scientist or a gaggle having publications, while the publication count given a quantitative measure of the total volume of research output, the qualitative aspect of the publication work remains to be assessed. The publication counts, however, have its other limited also. The multiple authors, which have shown sharp. Increase during past few decades owin. g to prevalence of collaborative research, poses problem within the process of publication.

CITATION ANALYSIS

Citation analysis is one among the foremost commonly used sorts of bibliometric studies. Normally the bibliographical references appended to research communication are considered. Analysis of such references can reveal the relative use of various quite document age of used documents, most frequen tly used items, preferences of country and language and scattering of literature. it's often used for journal ranking and evaluation of people and departments. Iis one among the foremost important bibliometric techniques involving analysis of the references forming a part of primary communication

Research in every discipline, is growing such a lot then vast that a researcher is probably going to urge lost during this information explosion .an information scientist helps a researcher to stay track of the developments in his field of labor. many techniques developed in informatics help within the organization and dissemination of data in various discipline also as within the appraisal of the latest trends that are taking shape within each discipline. Bibliometrics has established itself as a viable and distinctive research technique for studying science of science supported citation data. citation analysis as a way for bibliometrics study of literature is predicated on the principle that there's a point of relationship between the citing and cited articles. J. Martin has defined citation analysis of citation or reference, which forms a neighborhood of primary scientific communication. The word ‘citation ‘and ‘reference ‘are commonly used interchangeably, but really there's an appropriate difference, citation-A full bibliographical description for a paper which another has used, while writing his research paper, and reference- a selected direction referring a reader to a different passage of book. The primary function of citation is to supply “A connection between two documents, one which cites and therefore the other which is cited. Citation indices are providing information scientists with useful materials for studying literature patterns, information scientists with useful materials for studying literature patterns, information generation, propagation et.

There are a couple of basic concepts within the area of citation analysis. which are frequently used for ..........------

1. Direct citation.

2. Bibliographical coupling

3. Co citation.

DIRECT CITATION

Eugene Garfield expend the thought of using direct citation patterns to review the range of probable relationship among the citing and cited papers. Derek de j solla price. Provided a conceptual framework within the understanding of the event technique with reference to the connection , between the publication select for the citation and citing publication,it may be content bibliography that cited publication are those which are important to the research activity affect within the citing paper .further the cited articles are indicative of the influence experienced by the citing author in his field of study .this reveals that the fabric cited by the independent authors performing on an equivalent problem world be identical continuous increase within the rate of citation of paper during a field indicates the rise of activity therein field .simply if an author is citing any reference in his scientific paper ,there is a robust probability that it's going to be associated with it. The concept of direct citation has been employed by sort of researcher to determine relationship among document and researchers.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL COUPLING:

Analytical study using Bibliographic coupling technique was first introdued by Fano.This was further upgrade and name by M M Kessler in1963 it makes use of the presumption that when the 2 papers cite an equivalent reference or have a least one refenace common in them may exis some relation between the 2 citing papers. the additional number of citation common between the citing papers the durable strength of the coupling between them. Bibliographic coupling link source documents and is normaly wont to papers on any mobilize subject. Bibliograplic coupling link co-citation, may be a similarity measure that uses citation analysis to determine a similarity relationship between documents Bibliograplic coupling occurs when two work reference a standard third work I their bibliographies.

CO-CITATION

A co-citation pattern specify the credible relationship that exists when the 2 citation are cited together. The frequency of their circumstance together regulates the strength of linkage .it express exhibit the degree of relationship among the papers as recongnized by the practicing scientists. The alterntionin co-citation patterns maybe observed during a particular field as and when the interests and intellectual patterns of that field undergo us changes with time. The study of those developing structure of co-citations provides a tool for observe the event of scientific fields and for determine the degree of interrelationships among specialties. Research is that the most vital device for the betterment of data, scientific discoveries, techological achievement and scholarly publications. it's conveyed the develop new concepts and theories Andy contribute towards new knowledge. Bibliometrics may be a well authoritative discipline fr a quantitative study of the varied aspects of literature of a given subject.about all subject disciplines, bibliometric research has developed a body of theoretical knowledge and a gaggle of techniques and applications supported the distribution of bibliographic data elements between scientific papers, technical notes ,reviews and other sorts of written communications the citation link provides a quantitative picture of journal usage and relationship of journals whose primary function is to communication research results.it provides end in the shape ,structures and volume of scientific communication this giving additional knowledge on the conditions and patterns of scientific activity and research.

IMPORTANCE OF BIBLBIBLIOMETRICS.

The word of Bibliometric has greatly important to the event of library and knowledge science. the topic remains at a developmental stage and there's great possibility of bibliometric studies in several aspects of library and knowledge work. Bibliometrics had emanate because the hottest field of library and knowledge. Science during the previous couple of decades. it's approximated that literature on this subject engage more than 25% of the entire benefaction in library and. informatics. Citation analysis studies from major portion of it, pertains to the appliance of bibliometric law. howerer, there's an extended way to go in accomolish excellence within the studies. The study in simply method not a theory. make it a theory is more useful, researches must apply on the causal functions underlying bibliometric phenomena. the changes that are frequently occupying within the publication practices are likely to complicate the studies in future in such circumstances it I advisable to think about the result of such studies as mere guidelines rather than ends in themselves. Bibliometric may be a formal scientific sub discipline that has the complex of mathematical and statistical procedure wont to analyses bibliographical characteristics of documents it's been recognized because the structural a part of the methodology of Library and knowledge science also.

CONCLUSION:

In the age of data explosion and budget crunch, there's a requirement of an appropriate methodology which can help the librarian and library managers in deciding for collection development, financial planning and removing of obsolete materials from the library. All the main aspects within the library function are often 82 easily maintained with application of bibliometric studies. This chapter explains the theoretical background of bibliometrics especially associated with bibliometric techniques, its applications and therefore the empirical laws of bibliometrics. Application of bibliometric techniques makes the library service dynamic and efficient by exploring the research activities within the academic disciplines.

REFERENCE:

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2. Bradford, S C. Source of information on specific subject Engineering .137,1934;85_86.

3. Ramakrishna (N. V) and Panagann (N. B) Bibliometrics of Animal cell culture technology literature: A study based on the animal cell Biotechnology.Annals of library scienceand Doumentation.46:1999.

4. Prithard (Allan)Statistical bibliography or bibliometric. Journal of Documentation.25,4:348-349

5. Mubeen (M. A) Bibliographic coupling: aempirical study of economics. Annal of libraryand information sciene Documentation 42,2:1995.

6. Hulme, F w. Statistical bibliography in relation to the growth of modern civilization. 1923. Grafton, London.

7. Garfield, E. The mystery of the transposed journal lists. Current Contents, Life Science.14,31;1971;5_6.

8. Lawani (S.M). Bibliometrics: Its foundations, methods and application; library vol.31(4);1981

Received on 17.04.2020 Modified on 10.05.2020

Int. J. Ad. Social Sciences. 2020; 8(3):105-110.

DOI: 10.5958/2454-2679.2020.00011.0